Sources Used in Current Review
Clarke, W. and Dufour, D. R., Editors (© 2006). Contemporary Practice in Clinical Chemistry: AACC Press, Washington, DC. Pp 474.
Wu, A. (© 2006). Tietz Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests, 4th Edition: Saunders Elsevier, St. Louis, MO. Pp 658-659.
(Updated 2008 May 30). Lead. U.S. Dept of Labor OSHA [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/lead/index.html through http://www.osha.gov. Accessed June 2009.
(Updated 2009 February 01). Lead. ATSDR [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/substances/toxsubstance.asp?toxid=22 through < a href="http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov" target="_blank">http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov. Accessed June 2009.
(Updated 2007 October 05) ToxFAQs™ for Lead. ATSDR [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts13.html through http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov. Accessed June 2009.
(2009 May 19). Lead in Paint, Dust, and Soil. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/lead/index.html through http://www.epa.gov. Accessed June 2009.
Alexander, D. (Updated 2007 May 25). Lead levels – blood [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003360.htm. Accessed June 2009.
(2007 November 2). Interpreting and Managing Blood Lead Levels <10 µg/dL in Children and Reducing Childhood Exposures to Lead. CDC MMWR 56(RR08);1-14;16 [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5608a1.htm through http://www.cdc.gov. Accessed June 2009.
(Revised 2007 August 20). Case Studies in Environmental Medicine (CSEM), Lead Toxicity, What Tests Can Assist with Diagnosis of Lead Toxicity? ATSDR [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/lead/pbtests_diagnosis2.html through http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov. Accessed June 2009.
(Updated 2008 September) Lead Poisoning. ARUP Consult [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.arupconsult.com/Topics/ToxinsTraceMetals/LeadPoisoning.html through http://www.arupconsult.com. Accessed June 2009.
Sources Used in Previous Reviews
National Center for Environmental Health. Screening Young Children for Lead Poisoning, 1997. Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/guide/guide97.htm through http://www.cdc.gov.
California Department of Health Services, Occupational Health Branch. "How to Prevent Lead Poisoning on Your Job", 2000. Pp 9,10,23.
Hipkins KL, Materna BL, Kosnett MJ, Rogge JW, Cone JE. Medical surveillance of the lead exposed worker. AAOHN Journal 46(7):330-339.
Todd AC, et al. "Unraveling the chronic toxicity of lead: An essential priority for environmental health". Environmental Health Perspectives, 104(Supp 1):141-146; March 1996.
A Manual of Laboratory & Diagnostic Tests (sixth edition), Frances Fischbach, editor. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams& Wilkins, 2000; Pp 398-400; 1179-1180.
General Industry Federal OSHA Lead Standard, 29 CFR 1910.1025
Residential Lead Hazard Standards - TSCA Section 403 Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/lead/leadhaz.htm through http://www.epa.gov.
Blood Lead Levels in Young Children — United States and Selected States, 1996-1999 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MMWR December 22, 2000 / 49(50);1133-7.
Management Guidelines for Blood Lead Levels in Children and Adults. California Department of Health Services. Available online at http://www.dhs.cahwnet.gov/ohb/OLPPP/mgmtgdln.htm through http://www.dhs.cahwnet.gov.
Michael E. Ottlinger, PhD. Senior Toxicologist, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, OH.
Mitchell G. Scott, PhD. Division of Laboratory Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
Raymond K. Meister, MD, MPH. Occupational health physician.
Thomas P. Moyer, PhD. Professor of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Biochemistry & Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
(2005 October 1). Lead Exposure in Children: Prevention, Detection, and Management. American Academy of Pediatrics, PEDIATRICS Vol. 116 No. 4 October 2005, Pp. 1036-1046.
Pagana, Kathleen D. & Pagana, Timothy J. (2001). Mosby’s Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference 5th Edition: Mosby, Inc., Saint Louis, MO.
(2005 June 23, Reviewed) Lead Health Effects. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety & Health Administration [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/lead/recognition.html through http://www.osha.gov.
(2005 July, Updated). Lead Poisoning in Children. Familydoctor.org [On-line information]. Available online at http://familydoctor.org/617.xml through http://familydoctor.org.
(2005 September, Revised). Management Guidelines for Blood Lead Levels in Children and Adults. California Department of Health Services [On-line information]. PDF available for download at http://www.dhs.ca.gov/ohb/OLPPP/mgmtgdln.pdf through http://www.dhs.ca.gov.
Hipkins, K. et. al. (2004 November/December). Family Lead Poisoning Associated with Occupational Exposure. Clin Pediatr 2004;43:845-849. PDF available for download at http://www.dhs.ca.gov/ohb/OLPPP/family_lead_poisoning.pdf through http://www.dhs.ca.gov.
(2005 May 25, Reviewed). CDC Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program, CDC Recommendations for Lead Poisoning Prevention in Newly Arrived Refugee Children. CDC National Center for Environmental Health [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/Refugee%20recs.htm through http://www.cdc.gov.
(2005 September). ToxFAQs™ for Lead. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts13.html through http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov.
(2005 September). Public Health Statement, from Toxicological Profile for Lead, Draft for Public Comment. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) [[On-line information]. Available online at http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp13.html through http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov.
(2006 January 13, Reviewed). General Lead Information, Questions and Answers. CDC, National Center for Environmental Health [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/faq/about.htm through http://www.cdc.gov.
(2002 March). Managing Elevated Blood Lead Levels Among Young Children: Recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention. CDC [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/CaseManagement/caseManage_main.htm through http://www.cdc.gov.
(2003 September 12). Surveillance for Elevated Blood Lead Levels Among Children --- United States, 1997—2001 CDC MMWR [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5210a1.htm through http://www.cdc.gov.
(2004 July 9). Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance --- United States, 2002. CDC MMWR [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5326a2.htm through http://www.cdc.gov.
SN Tsekrekos, I Buka. Paediatr Child Health Vol 10, No 4. April 2005.
Dr. Irena Buka MB, ChB, FRCPC. Pediatric Environmental Health Clinic. Edmonton, Alta. Canada.
Harold E. Hoffman, MD, FRCPC, FACOEM. Occupational & Environmental Medicine. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
Kathy Leinenkugel, CLS. Lead Program Coordinator, Douglas County Health Department. Omaha, NE.
Thomas P. Moyer, Ph.D. Professor of Laboratory Medicine, Mayo College of Medicine. Vice Chair for Diagnostic Development, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology. Co-Director for Medical Affairs, Mayo Collaborative Services, Inc. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.